OptoPrep National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What is the main mechanism of action of fluticasone and salmeterol found in Advair?
• A 24-year old female patient has red eyes and bilateral diffuse superficial punctate keratitis. What is the most likely etiology of her condition?
• What is a key consequence in dry eye regarding tear film osmolarity?
• A patient brings you an old pair of glasses for prism measurement. With the lensometer, how much total prism is in the glasses?
• Dacryoadenitis refers to inflammation of which ocular structure?
• Which of the following drugs decrease intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow?
• Chronic blepharitis, if left untreated, can cause which of the following structural changes?
• Which skin condition has the highest risk of becoming malignant?
• A 66 year-old male with facial nerve palsy has weakness in both upper and lower portions of the right side of his face. What best describes the motor neuron involved?
• Which of the following walls of the orbit is MOST susceptible to a blowout fracture secondary to blunt ocular trauma?
• A cornea with with-the-rule astigmatism has which of the following keratometry readings?
• Which of the following correctly lists the layers of the retina beginning with the retinal pigment epithelium and moving anteriorly?
• When is the greatest likelihood of a closure in the anterior chamber angle?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of the retina?
• In patients with homocystinuria, crystalline lens subluxation is most likely in which direction?
• A convex mirror in water (n=1.33) has a radius of curvature of 12cm. What is the dioptric power of the mirror?
• What is the orientation of the apex of the ciliary body triangle, and with which structure is it continuous?
• Management of which eye condition may involve performing a thorough patient history to explore a possible metabolic disorder?
• What is the primary role of the ciliary muscle?
• What is the name of the pigmented line that represents the leading edge of a pterygium?
• A 6-foot tall man wishes to buy a plane mirror in which he can visualize his whole length at the same time. How tall must the mirror measure in order for the above to occur?
• What direction does the apex of the ciliary body point?
• Iris colobomas are due to incomplete closure of which structure, leading to a defect in the iris?
• Alpha helices and beta sheets are considered which level of protein structure?
• A contracting muscle that develops tension but does not shorten is exhibiting which type of muscle tension?
• How is the IOP reading affected by a cornea that measures 600 micrometers thick when calibrated for 520 micrometers?
• What is the MOST common type of oculomotor deviation?
• According to the Van Herick technique, which angle grade indicates the potential for closure?
• A lens system in air has a +4.00 diopter and a +6.00 diopter lens separated by 10cm. What is the equivalent power of this optical system?
• What is the visual acuity of the construction worker with plaster in his eye?
• Which condition is a cause of amblyopia due to deprivation?
• Which of the following is the correct pathway for the drainage of tears through the nasolacrimal drainage system?
• Which of the following components of the AREDS I ocular vitamin formula used for dry age-related macular degeneration is contraindicated in smokers?
• A construction worker with plaster in his eye likely experienced what type of chemical trauma?
• How many diopters of "induced cylinder" would you expect from a back surface toric GP contact lens with the specified base curve radii?
• What is a result of hypoxia associated with soft contact lens wear?
• What is the most likely reason for a patient experiencing excessive tearing after a positive Jones I dye test?
• An amphipathic molecule will react in what manner when exposed to water?
• In which situation might scleromalacia perforans be observed?
• Which of the following medications should be taken on an empty stomach?
• Why is the ETDRS chart valuable for monitoring anti-VEGF treatment response in ARMD patients?
• In which condition are bandage contact lenses NOT typically utilized?
• A 32-year old male presents with pain and an epithelial defect that stains with sodium fluorescein. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?
• What is the diagnosis for a 10-year-old male with itchy eyes, severe photophobia, and cobblestone papillae?
• How does a corneal thickness of 600 micrometers affect Goldmann applanation tonometry readings?
• Which procedure is NOT appropriate for evaluating suspected dacryocystitis?
• Which patient would be considered legally blind?
• Which infection must be reported to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)?
• Fatty acid synthesis is activated during which of the following situations?
• What slit lamp finding might explain decreased visual acuity with a large myopic shift in an elderly patient?
• Which structure in the eye is primarily affected by central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)?
• What total cumulative dosage of chloroquine is commonly associated with retinal toxicity?
• Which lymphatic structure do the lateral portions of eyelid lymphatics drain into?
• A cranial nerve VI palsy will cause what type of deviation?
• As we age, one significant change in the lens is the formation of vacuoles. What causes this?
• What would be the BEST choice as a trial lens for a patient with a subjective refraction of -3.00 - 2.50 x 178?
• Which of the following is least likely to induce cylinder upon rotation of a contact lens?
• Coenzyme Q, vitamins A, D, E, and K, and cholesterol are primarily derived from which type of lipids?
• What type of cataract is commonly associated with long-term corticosteroid use?
• Which of the following structures serves as the strongest attachment point of the vitreous?
• A 31-year old male patient preparing for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) must be told to "shake well" which prescribed drops?
• What structural change can chronic blepharitis cause if left untreated?
• Which muscle's dysfunction or damage can cause ptosis?
• Which two layers of the iris are derived from mesoderm?
• How is the temporal modulation transfer function expected to change in early glaucoma?
• Which method can be used to test for the presence of eccentric fixation?
• What classification refers to an organism that can survive in an environment with or without oxygen?
• The ligaments that suspend the lens (zonules) are derived from which structure?
• Excessive fluorescein during Goldmann applanation tonometry leads to what result?
• What is the equivalent of a Reduced Snellen 20/50 optotype in metric notation assuming a working distance of 40 cm?
• Which biotic GP contact lenses would NOT induce cylinder if rotated to a misaligned position?
• A patient with a high spatial frequency cut-off of 40 cycles per degree will have what predicted Snellen acuity?
• What result can occur from excessive fluorescein instillation during tonometry?
• A chin fissure is a dominant trait. If a homozygous-dominant father mates with a homozygous-recessive mother, what are the chances that their first child will have a chin fissure?
• A 32-year old female presents with blurred vision at a distance due to a new medication. Which medication is most likely the culprit?
• Berger's space is created by an interval between which two structures?
• What is the most common side effect associated with intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein?
• In a case of bilateral diffuse superficial punctate keratitis with no mucopurulent discharge, what is the most likely origin if it stains with sodium fluorescein?
• Bipolar cells in the retina respond to which type of neurotransmitter?
• Glycolysis occurs in which location within a eukaryotic cell?
• Coenzyme Q, vitamins A, D, E and K, and cholesterol are all derived from which of the following lipids?
• What portion of the progressive lens should be used to verify the distance prescription when the lenses arrive from the lab?
• What describes the typical positioning of the upper and lower eyelids in relation to the limbus?
• How does uncorrected myopia affect a near phoria?
• What type of agar is commonly used to culture fungi?
• What happens to the visual acuity result on the ETDRS chart if a patient shows a two-line improvement?
• A healthy retinal nerve fiber layer is thickest at which portion of the optic nerve head?
• How is the iris sphincter muscle innervated?
• What is the front surface power of a lens in air with a refractive index of 1.50 and radius of curvature of 50 cm?
• If you suspected allergic conjunctivitis, the presence of which type of cells in a conjunctival scraping would confirm your diagnosis?
• In an optical system in air, the first and second nodal points coincide with which of the following points?
• Which phenomenon describes a flickering light that appears brighter than a steady light of the same average luminance?
• Which procedure is NOT appropriate when evaluating a possible diagnosis of dacryocystitis?
• A +3.00 D hyperope corrected with a +1.50 D contact lens viewing an object at 22.0 cm requires how much accommodation to achieve a clear retinal image?
• If a thin lens with an index of 1.5 has a dioptric power of +4.00 in air, what is its power if placed in water?
• If a thin lens with an index of 1.5 has a dioptric power of +4.00 in air, what is its power if placed in water?
• What is the length of a 2.5x Galilean telescope focused for infinity with a -25D ocular lens?
• Which action follows Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation when looking to the right?
• What is the likely diagnosis for a patient who presents with bilateral Krukenberg spindles?
• The blood-aqueous barrier is formed by tight junctions between which cells of the ciliary body?
• Axenfeld loops are associated with which nerves?
• What is the name of the surgical procedure where thermal laser burns are placed in the mid-periphery of the cornea to steepen its curvature?
• Fatty acid synthesis is activated during which of the following conditions?
• Which organism is MOST likely responsible for ophthalmia neonatorum presenting 3 days after birth?
• A 2.5x Galilean telescope with a -25D ocular lens has what length when focused for infinity?
• What adjustment can be made to loosen a tightly-fitting gas-permeable lens?
• What is the relationship between the Abbe number and chromatic aberration?
• A Galilean telescope has an ocular lens with a power of -32.00 D and an objective lens with a power of +8.00 D. What is the magnification provided by the telescope?
• What should be the FIRST therapeutic intervention for the construction worker's condition?
• Tear volume in a normal, healthy, young adult measures approximately between which of the following values?
• A patient is seen reporting constant diplopia that persists when covering her right eye. What is the most likely etiology?
• Myasthenia gravis primarily affects which type of receptors?
• What is the shape of the ciliary body in the eye?
• A cortical hypercolumn is comprised of which of the following?
• Which type of anterior scleritis is associated with the highest risk of perforation?
• Cyclosporine is commonly used topically to treat certain eye conditions. Which of the following is a known mechanism of action for cyclosporine?
• Which of the primary germ layers of embryonic development take part in the development of ocular structures?
• What principle of magnification does a CCTV use for reading?
• What type of retinal exudate appears in a star configuration associated with hypertensive retinopathy?
• Which type of congenital cataracts are commonly associated with galactosemia?
• Chrysiasis of the cornea occurs due to medication for which condition?
• Long-term corticosteroid use can lead to which type of cataract?
• In addition to the meibomian glands, which other accessory glands secrete oil?
• Which condition is characterized by increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage?
• Which of the following is the MOST common early pattern of a glaucomatous visual field defect?
• Which type of scleritis is characterized by no ocular inflammation and a low risk for perforation?
• What effect does a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) have on the electroretinogram (ERG)?
• Which layer of the cornea consumes the most oxygen?
• A person who is missing the photopigment chlorolabe is categorized as which of the following?
• Which of the following slit lamp findings would most likely explain decreased visual acuity in an elderly patient with a large myopic shift?
• The lateral portion of the eyelid lymphatics primarily drains into which structure?
• Which symptom is NOT reported by the construction worker?
• A positive catalase test indicates that a bacteria can break down which substance?
• A 12 year-old patient is seen at your office complaining of distance blur. The cover test reveals 4 prism diopters of exophoria at near. The subjective refraction reveals -2.25 DS OU. Four weeks later, the patient reports clear distance vision with glasses but experiences fatigue and frontal headaches when reading. What is the MOST likely etiology of her headaches while reading?
• Which genus of organisms is responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy?
• When performing the astigmatic clock dial, if the 1-7 and 2-8 lines appear equally blacker, what is the corresponding axis of astigmatism?
• When is the least production of aqueous humor typically observed?
• Which of the following antibodies is the first to be secreted during an immune response?
• In most dry eye subtypes, increased tear film osmolarity is primarily due to what process?
• Dacryoadenitis refers to inflammation of which ocular structure?
• Which organ primarily metabolizes dietary triglycerides?
• What layer of the cornea, if penetrated, will leave a scar?
• Axenfeld loops are nodules under the bulbar conjunctiva resulting from looping of which nerves?
• Midget ganglion cells receive information pre-synaptically from which type of cells?
• When analyzing a gas-permeable lens, you measure base curves of 7.58 and 7.84 with a radarscope, and -1.00 and -2.50 on lensometry. What type of toric gas-permeable contact lens design do you have?
• What is a common ocular consequence of prolonged contact lens wear?
• What is a common cause of epiphora in infants?
• Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for color vision?
• What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?
• Which nerve and muscle are not functioning appropriately if a patient can move the eye medially but not down while looking toward their nose?
• What potential complication arises due to dacryocystitis?
• Based on the cover test findings, what is the diagnosis if the left eye moves 1/10 times upon covering the right eye?
• Alpha helices and beta sheets represent which level of protein structure?
• According to the Keith-Wagener-Barker classification, what stage of hypersensitive retinopathy is characterized by swelling of the optic disc?
• What ocular sign indicates stage three hypersensitive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener-Barker classification?
• Which systemic condition can cause a falsely low hemoglobin A1c measurement?
• What substance is secreted by alveolar epithelium to reduce the surface tension between alveoli of the lungs?
• Which angle grade is classified as MOST narrow and likely to close according to the Van Herick technique?
• What type of corneal injury is characterized by foreign body sensation and pain?
• Why is the ETDRS chart effective in monitoring treatment response in age-related macular degeneration?
• The ligaments that suspend the lens (zonules) are embryonically derived from what structure?
• Patients with a history of homocystinuria are MOST likely to experience crystalline lens subluxation in which of the following directions?
• For a patient with a tight gas-permeable lens, which modification would best relieve the fit?
• What is a common indicator of anterior non-necrotizing diffuse scleritis?
• What type of structural abnormality does the valve of Hasner relate to in infants?
• Which of the following BEST describes irregular astigmatism?
• Which area of the extra striate cortex is involved in the perception of motion?
• You ask your patient to place a red lens in front of their right eye and perform the red lens test. Your patient reports seeing two images with the red image perceived to the left of the white light. What type of deviation corresponds with this finding?
• A newborn with ophthalmia neonatorum after 3 days is most likely infected with which organism?
• When is aqueous humor production at its lowest during the day?
• What effect does a cornea measuring 600 micrometers thick have on IOP reading during Goldmann tonometry?
• Which of the following is a precursor to steroid hormones such as testosterone?
• What is the standard treatment protocol for a patient diagnosed with central serous retinopathy, confirmed by optical coherence tomography (OCT)?
• Which extraocular rectus muscle has its insertion site CLOSEST to the limbus?
• What is the correct order of structures in the pupillary fiber pathway?
• Which microorganism is associated with peptic ulcer formation?
• Which chemical is most damaging in terms of chemical eye burns?
• Which ocular sign is virtually pathognomonic for trachoma caused by chlamydia?
• What is the equivalent power of a combination of a +16D stand magnifier with a +2.00 add, separated by 25 cm?
• What is the most appropriate diagnosis for a 32-year-old male experiencing pain and an epithelial defect after previous corneal abrasion?
• Which Purkinje image moves forward with accommodation?
• A chiasmal lesion or mass, such as a pituitary tumor, generally causes what type of visual field defect?
• What is an important factor to assess when choosing contact lenses for a patient with high astigmatism?
• What separation distance will make the combination of a +3.00 and a +10.00 thin lens afocal?
• Within what time period is oral acyclovir most effective for herpes zoster eyelid findings?
• During severe hypoxia, which layer of the cornea is capable of storing glycogen?
• What is the correct sequence of healing for a mild corneal abrasion?
• How much will the brightness appear to increase when a 60-watt bulb is moved from three feet to one foot from the page?
• Drusen typically deposits between which layers of the retina?
• What is the minimum thickness necessary for an antireflective coating (n=1.9) to be useful against incident light of 530 nm wavelength?
• If a patient uses a +16D magnifier with a +2.00 add and the distance between the lenses is 25 cm, what is the equivalent power?
• Ptosis can be caused by dysfunction or damage to which of the following muscles?
• A 10-year old child presents in your office with unilateral follicular conjunctivitis and ipsilateral adenopathy. What is the most likely cause?
• Which electrolyte functions as an antioxidant in the aqueous humor?
• Dietary triglycerides are metabolized primarily by which organ of the body?
• Which of the following skin conditions has the highest risk of becoming malignant?
• Which layer of the cornea is capable of storing glycogen during severe hypoxia?
• Which class of antibody crosses the blood-placenta barrier and protects newborns for the first months of life until they produce their own antibodies?
• While performing the astigmatic clock dial, if the clearest line is at the 2-8 position and the least clear line is at the 5-11 position, what is the corresponding axis of astigmatism?
• Which color vision deficiencies would you MOST expect in optic nerve and macular disease, respectively?
• Besides the meibomian glands, which accessory glands also secrete oil?
• Which type of uncorrected refractive error would have the greatest tendency to lead to amblyopia?
• What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of signals in the retina?
• What wavelength of light is most readily absorbed by the photopigment rhodopsin?
• What is likely to happen if the water content of a soft hydrogel contact lens is increased?
• Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by a muscle shortening while developing tension?
• What is the net overall moles of ATP produced by the electron transport chain (i.e. not including glycolysis)?
• What condition can result from hypoxia associated with soft contact lens wear?
• A person can just barely detect the difference between two weights: one weighs 12 pounds and the other weighs 10 pounds. What is the just noticeable difference for a weight of 70 pounds?
• A patient is seen at your office complaining that her right eye is physiologically higher than her left eye. How would you orient a prism to help her appearance?
• How much image jump will be created by a +2.00 D flat top 25mm segment add with a carrier lens of +2.25 DS?
• What important contact lens parameter must be considered for an aphakic patient?
• What is the power of a concave mirror (in diopters) located in air with a radius of curvature 20cm?
• An 81-year-old female reports her eye has been watering more frequently. What is the MOST likely cause of her epiphora complaint after dye test results?
• What is the mean horizontal and vertical diameter of the human cornea, respectively?
• The presence of foam at the canthus is thought to be pathognomonic for blepharitis. What is the direct etiology of the foam?
• During gestation, when does the secondary vitreous start to develop?
• A common cause of epiphora in infants is due to a small membrane covering which structure?
• Glycolysis occurs at which location within a eukaryotic cell?
• Which bifocal lens design creates the largest amount of image jump?
• Which of the following organisms can penetrate an intact cornea?
• Which of the Purkinje images moves forward with accommodation?
• Chrysiasis of the cornea is associated with medication used to treat which condition?
• What anatomical feature helps to differentiate the anterior chamber angle grading?
• Which electrolyte is known to act as an antioxidant in the aqueous humor?
• What is the correct healing sequence for a mild corneal abrasion?
• An amphipathic molecule will react in what manner when exposed to water?
• A two-year-old child with a red birthmark that blanches under pressure and darkens when crying is likely to have what prognosis?
• What is the vergence demand using a Variable Tranaglyph when the separation is measured as 4 cm at a distance of 80 cm when training divergence?
• Which structure is continuous with the apex of the ciliary body?
• In order to maximize drug penetration through the cornea, an ophthalmic drug or its vehicle should possess which property?
• What is a typical presenting symptom of posterior subcapsular cataracts?
• What type of chemical trauma did the construction worker with plaster in his eye experience?
• Which type of light scattering causes the reddish-orange colors observed during sunsets?
• What is the appropriate axis to order for a soft contact lens fitting with the given parameters?
• What abnormality is associated with iris transillumination defects?
• Berger's space is created between which two structures?
• In which layer of the cornea is the GREATEST amount of oxygen consumed?
• Which of the following structures is critical for lens stability during accommodation?
• What term is used to describe a constant ringing of the ears?
• In which region of the iris does an iris coloboma usually result in a defect?
• Which of the following actions does not require input from the brain and therefore is referred to as a spinal reflex?
• What is the primary reason for tapering topical ocular corticosteroids?
• Central serous retinopathy (CSR) commonly occurs in which gender and age group?
• Hutchinson's sign associated with herpes zoster indicates reactivation of which cranial nerve?
• A 24-year old female patient reports side effects after using Patanol for ocular allergies. Which symptom is most likely associated with olopatadine use?
• Which of the following skin conditions is considered benign and has the lowest risk of malignancy?
• What does Mittendorf's dot on the posterior surface of the lens represent?
• A patient reports that her eyes feel strange when reading 6mm below the optical centers of her new glasses. How much vertical prism is induced when she reads?
• What term describes the phenomenon in which a bacterium directs its movement toward a chemical in its environment?
• Which organism can be transmitted from an infected mother to a newborn and was previously treated prophylactically with silver nitrate?
• What represents an effective way of measuring central corneal thickness in patients?
• What is the Interval of Sturm for a spherocylindrical lens with a power of +6.00-2.00x090?
• Which wavelength of visible light is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration?
• What change occurs in the temporal modulation transfer function in early glaucoma?
• A 22-year-old male has bilateral Krukenberg spindles. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What principle of magnification does a CCTV use for reading?
• A 10-year-old child with unilateral follicular conjunctivitis and adenopathy likely has oculoglandular syndrome due to which common etiology?
• Oral acyclovir is most effective for herpes zoster when administered within what timeframe?
• What change would result in increased patient complaints of dry eye symptoms when adjusting soft contact lenses?
• What is the normal tear volume in a healthy young adult?
• What crucial parameter must be considered when fitting a contact lens for an aphakic patient?